Heat-induced morphological changes in silver nanowires deposited on a patterned silicon substrate

• Elyad Damerchi,
• Sven Oras,
• Edgars Butanovs,
• Allar Liivlaid,
• Mikk Antsov,
• Boris Polyakov,
• Annamarija Trausa,
• Veronika Zadin,
• Andreas Kyritsakis,
• Loïc Vidal,
• Karine Mougin,
• Siim Pikker and
• Sergei Vlassov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 435–446, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.39

• substrate, while the overhanging segment retained freedom of movement in all directions. The elastic modulus values for the Ag NW and Si substrate were set to the built-in values in Comsol, accounting for their temperature-dependent nature. More technical details can be found in Supporting Information File

Exploring internal structures and properties of terpolymer fibers via real-space characterizations

• Michael R. Roenbeck and
• Kenneth E. Strawhecker

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1004–1017, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.83

• nano- and microscale topography, stiffness, and transverse elastic modulus (ET) maps of internal structural features and local mechanical responses in real space. (See the Experimental section for additional details.) As Technora® has often been compared to Kevlar® K29 fibers, we focus further on

• . Transverse elastic modulus quantifications We present these last results as relative stiffness variations because multiple AFM tips needed to be used to survey these multiple subdomains. Monitoring tip wear is cumbersome when targeting a broad survey of different regions of multiple fibers, so the results

• above only reflect a semi-quantitative, relative comparison. To complement these qualitative comparisons, we also quantitatively compared the transverse elastic modulus (ET) obtained on suitable subdomains within Technora® and Kevlar® K29 fibers. Figure 8 highlights aggregate frequency distributions in

Biomimetics on the micro- and nanoscale – The 25th anniversary of the lotus effect

• Matthias Mail,
• Kerstin Koch,
• Thomas Speck,
• William M. Megill and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 850–856, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.69

• treatment on the elastic modulus of locust cuticle obtained by nanoindentation”, investigate the mechanical properties of the cuticle that builds the surface of insects and related groups of animals. The cuticle is one of the most abundant, but least studied biological composites. In their study, the

• authors use a nanoindentation technique to investigate the effect of freezing, desiccation, and rehydration on the elastic modulus of the hind tibial cuticle of locusts. All of the treatments significantly influenced the mechanical properties of the latter. Gorb et al. [7], in the paper “Hierachical

Frequency-dependent nanomechanical profiling for medical diagnosis

• Santiago D. Solares and
• Alexander X. Cartagena-Rivera

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1483–1489, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.122

• as an elastic modulus or qualitative measures [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13], which cannot always be unambiguously interpreted for biological specimens. There also exist a few methods based on linear viscoelasticity, which can be used to estimate frequency-dependent quantities, such as the storage and

Growing up in a rough world: scaling of frictional adhesion and morphology of the Tokay gecko (Gekko gecko)

• Anthony J. Cobos and
• Timothy E. Higham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1292–1302, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.107

• animal and the substrate. All else being equal, longer and softer setal shafts are predicted to result in better adhesion on rough surfaces due to a reduction in the effective elastic modulus [48]. However, it is currently unclear whether this translates into higher forces, relative to body mass, under

Laser-processed antiadhesive bionic combs for handling nanofibers inspired by nanostructures on the legs of cribellate spiders

• Sebastian Lifka,
• Kristóf Harsányi,
• Erich Baumgartner,
• Lukas Pichler,
• Dariya Baiko,
• Karsten Wasmuth,
• Johannes Heitz,
• Marco Meyer,
• Anna-Christin Joel,
• Jörn Bonse and
• Werner Baumgartner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1268–1283, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.105

• ) beam theory (Euler–Bernoulli beam theory). Thus, we have to solve the ordinary differential equation (ODE) [30] with w describing the deflection from the neutral position, M denoting the bending moment, E describing the Young’s elastic modulus, and J denoting the second moment of area (moment of

• to the shape of the surface. The energies and the corresponding shape of the fiber adaption to the surface of these three possible states, with an assumed elastic modulus E = 80 MPa (a typical value for spider silk [31]) and S = 0 N, are shown in Figure 3. Figure 3a,b shows state A, Figure 3c,d shows

• parameters and some constants such as the Hamaker constant and the elastic modulus of the fiber. These free parameters are the amplitude a and the spatial period Λ = 2λ of the sinusoidal surface, as well as the bending stiffness and the radius of the fiber in the case of S = 0. While finding the minimum of

Role of titanium and organic precursors in molecular layer deposition of “titanicone” hybrid materials

• Arbresha Muriqi and
• Michael Nolan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1240–1255, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.103

• the bridging between the polymer chains in the film and this also improves the stability of the film. Nanoindentation experiments [30] showed also that GL-based titanicones have much higher elastic modulus and higher hardness compared to EG-based titanicones. Annealing experiments indicated a higher

A cantilever-based, ultrahigh-vacuum, low-temperature scanning probe instrument for multidimensional scanning force microscopy

• Hao Liu,
• Zuned Ahmed,
• Sasa Vranjkovic,
• Manfred Parschau,
• Andrada-Oana Mandru and
• Hans J. Hug

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1120–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.95

• constant is generally much smaller than the measured derivative of the tip–sample interaction force [61]. The force constant of a rectangular cantilever and its first flexural mode stiffness, respectively, are given by: where ρSi = 2331 kg/m3 and ESi = 1.69 × 1011 N/m2 are the density and the elastic

• modulus of silicon, respectively; L, w, and t are the length, width, and thickness of the cantilever, respectively. While the first two geometrical dimensions are well-defined by the fabrication process and can easily be measured by electron microscopy, the thickness t of the cantilever is best obtained

Biomimetic chitosan with biocomposite nanomaterials for bone tissue repair and regeneration

• Se-Kwon Kim,
• Sesha Subramanian Murugan,
• Pandurang Appana Dalavi,
• Sebanti Gupta,
• Sukumaran Anil,
• Gi Hun Seong and
• Jayachandran Venkatesan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1051–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.92

• al. (2013), composites of chitosan–multiwalled carbon nanotubes with hydroxyapatite have the potential to enhance the elastic modulus and compressive strength to 1089.1 MPa and 105.5 MPa, respectively. The cell proliferation of the nanocomposites was evaluated via the CCK-8 test. The results

Interaction between honeybee mandibles and propolis

• Leonie Saccardi,
• Franz Brümmer,
• Jonas Schiebl,
• Oliver Schwarz,
• Alexander Kovalev and
• Stanislav Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 958–974, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.84

• radii of the circles were measured and then averaged. The effective elastic modulus and pull-off force of propolis were measured with a microforce measurement device (Basalt-01; Tetra GmbH, Ilmenau, Germany) [22][23][24]. The device mainly consists of micromanipulators as a platform holding the

• , and E and ∆γ are the effective elastic modulus and the work of adhesion, respectively. The work of adhesion ∆γ is the energy per unit of area needed to separate two bodies in contact. It was chosen as a measure of adhesion because it is independent of the contact area. To characterize viscoelastic

Fabrication and testing of polymer microneedles for transdermal drug delivery

• Vahid Ebrahiminejad,
• Zahra Faraji Rad,
• Philip D. Prewett and
• Graham J. Davies

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 629–640, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.55

• elastic modulus. Buckling failure load is the most important figure of merit used to determine the margin of safety of MNs. Figure 5a shows the results of mechanical quasi-static compression tests for the single replicated MN. The results revealed both near-tip yield stress failure, presumed due to the

• ), Zeonor 1060R yield stress (53 MPa), and lateral shear force component estimated during insertion. According to SEM images from samples (n = 3), the location of bending from the base (x) is at 244.4 ± 2.03 µm corresponding to a lateral shear load of 0.33 to 0.34 N. Buckling modeling was based on elastic

• modulus (2100 MPa) and effective penetrative length (1.025 mm) using Equation 3 and compared with experimental data. This critical buckling load was predicted to occur at 0.95 N, based on theory, whereas the experimental value was 1.29 N during compression tests. The higher value found in experimental

Effects of substrate stiffness on the viscoelasticity and migration of prostate cancer cells examined by atomic force microscopy

• Xiaoqiong Tang,
• Yan Zhang,
• Jiangbing Mao,
• Yuhua Wang,
• Zhenghong Zhang,
• Zhengchao Wang and
• Hongqin Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 560–569, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.47

• in all AFM experiments. The same parameters were maintained for all cells measured. The elastic modulus was acquired based on the Hertz model and the viscosity was calculated using the method proposed by the Rebelo’s group which combines the traditional method with the AFM retraction force curve [46

Effect of sample treatment on the elastic modulus of locust cuticle obtained by nanoindentation

• Chuchu Li,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Hamed Rajabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 404–410, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.33

• freezing, desiccation, and rehydration on the elastic modulus of the hind tibial cuticle of locusts obtained by nanoindentation. We found that all the mentioned treatments significantly influence cuticle properties. This is in contrast to previous reports suggesting that freezing did not significantly

• influence the elastic modulus of native cuticle specimens tested in bending. In the light of our data, we suggest that changes of the elastic modulus of cuticle are not solely due to changes of the water content. Our results provide a platform for more accurate measurements of cuticle properties. Keywords

• undergone adaptations that enable it to withstand loads and displacements that are unique to that body part. Such adaptations are achieved through changes in, inter alia, microstructure and sclerotization and have provided cuticle with one of the widest recorded ranges of the elastic modulus ever, that is

Electrostatic pull-in application in flexible devices: A review

• Teng Cai,
• Yuming Fang,
• Yingli Fang,
• Ruozhou Li,
• Ying Yu and
• Mingyang Huang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 390–403, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.32

• plate are balanced. As the voltage continues to increase, the upper plate moves rapidly downward and the two plates eventually contact, known as pull-in. The critical voltage [11] that leads to the pull-in phenomenon is: where k is the elastic modulus of the flexible material, g is the initial distance

Open-loop amplitude-modulation Kelvin probe force microscopy operated in single-pass PeakForce tapping mode

• Gheorghe Stan and
• Pradeep Namboodiri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1115–1126, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.83

• out in one-pass, with the CPD value affixed to the topographical feature and other PFT quantities (e.g., elastic modulus, pull-off force, and dissipation) at each location during scanning. A typical cantilever deflection to the synchronized PFT and KPFM modulations over three consecutive PFT

The role of convolutional neural networks in scanning probe microscopy: a review

• Ido Azuri,
• Irit Rosenhek-Goldian,
• Neta Regev-Rudzki,
• Georg Fantner and
• Sidney R. Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 878–901, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.66

• blind reconstruction [136]. A common means to distinguish between healthy and sick cells is the elastic modulus, determined by measuring the stiffness with AFM force–distance curves and then fitting to a model. Several works have applied machine learning to analysis of the force curves. The data here is

Physical constraints lead to parallel evolution of micro- and nanostructures of animal adhesive pads: a review

• Thies H. Büscher and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 725–743, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.57

• elastic modulus on the surface of hairy attachment pads resulting from contact splitting is fundamental to the adhesion on rough substrates [251] and contributes to an increased real contact area compared to unstructured materials under the same applied load. In general, based on broad comparative

Determination of elastic moduli of elastic–plastic microspherical materials using nanoindentation simulation without mechanical polishing

• Hongzhou Li and
• Jialian Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 213–221, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.17

• computational study regarding the instrumented nanoindentation of elastic–plastic microspherical materials. The ratio between elastic modulus of the microsphere and the initial yield stress of the microsphere was systematically varied from 10 to 1000 to cover the mechanical properties of most materials

• encountered in engineering. The simulated results indicate that contact height is unsuitable to replace contact depth for obtaining the indentation elastic modulus of microspherical materials. The extracted elastic modulus of a microsphere using the Oliver–Pharr method with the simulated unloading curve

• the maximum displacement hmax (the maximum displacement of the indenter relative to the initial undeformed surface), and the third is the unloading stiffness. The initial unloading stiffness is used to extract the elastic modulus of the specimen via the well-known Oliver–Pharr method [3][4]. Cheng and

Application of contact-resonance AFM methods to polymer samples

• Sebastian Friedrich and
• Brunero Cappella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1714–1727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.154

• modulus of the sample. In the present paper, we propose an alternative procedure, based on approximations of the equations describing the system, which allows one to determine the elastic modulus of the sample as a parameter of the fit of the CR frequency as a function of the load. After showing that CR

• interactions. Such models allow one to calculate the contact stiffness from the measured CR frequency. Then, from the contact stiffness, the elastic modulus of the sample can be determined. This technique has been successfully applied on rather stiff materials such as silicon [11] or chalcogenide glasses [12

• values [16]. This is a major weakness of current analysis methods. Additionally, as in other techniques dealing with mechanical properties, the radius of the tip needs to be known. Alternatively, a calibration sample can be used [16]. Yet, this presupposes the exact measurement of the elastic modulus of

Design of V-shaped cantilevers for enhanced multifrequency AFM measurements

• Mehrnoosh Damircheli and
• Babak Eslami

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1525–1541, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.135

• sample in air. R is the tip radius and Eeff is the effective elastic modulus between tip and sample. The material properties used in this simulation are shown in Table 1. The effects of length (L), overall width (b), the width of each leg () and the thickness (t) of the cantilever are optimized. In each

On the frequency dependence of viscoelastic material characterization with intermittent-contact dynamic atomic force microscopy: avoiding mischaracterization across large frequency ranges

• Enrique A. López-Guerra and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1409–1418, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.125

• of dynamic force spectroscopy. First, for samples exhibiting such variation in their moduli, it is not possible to assign a single value to the coefficient of viscous dissipation during deformation, since the loss modulus is not constant. The variation in the elastic modulus also precludes the

• definition of a single elastic modulus for the material. Furthermore, we see that neither the loss nor the storage modulus exhibit trivial behavior for the examples shown. For example, depending on the frequency range considered, the loss modulus may or may not exhibit monotonic variation, and the slopes of

Stochastic excitation for high-resolution atomic force acoustic microscopy imaging: a system theory approach

• Edgar Cruz Valeriano,
• José Juan Gervacio Arciniega,
• Christian Iván Enriquez Flores,
• Susana Meraz Dávila,
• Joel Moreno Palmerin,
• Martín Adelaido Hernández Landaverde,
• Yuri Lizbeth Chipatecua Godoy,
• Aime Margarita Gutiérrez Peralta,
• Rafael Ramírez Bon and
• José Martín Yañez Limón

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 703–716, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.58

• perpendicular to the cantilever and f(t) is the interaction force between the cantilever and the surface expressed by the Derjaguin–Muller–Toporov (DMT) model [1] as Here, H is the Hamaker constant, R is the tip radius, E* is the reduced elastic modulus between the tip and the sample, a0 is the interatomic

Examination of the relationship between viscoelastic properties and the invasion of ovarian cancer cells by atomic force microscopy

• Mengdan Chen,
• Jinshu Zeng,
• Weiwei Ruan,
• Zhenghong Zhang,
• Yuhua Wang,
• Shusen Xie,
• Zhengchao Wang and
• Hongqin Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 568–582, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.45

• of the elastic modulus of OVCAR-3 and HO-8910 cells were 1195.72 ± 122.94 Pa and 996.27 ± 52.56 Pa, respectively (Figure 1a-iv). These values are significantly lower than the elastic modulus of HOSEpiC cells (2160.94 ± 167.77 Pa, Figure 1a-iv), indicating the lower elasticity of ovarian cancer cells

• software [68]. The elastic modulus was acquired based on the Hertz model, and the viscosity was calculated by the method proposed by Rebelo’s group [65]. Cell migration assay The cells were seeded in 6-well plates at a density of 8 × 106 per well and were cultured until confluence reached approximately 95

• generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article. Histograms of viscoelastic properties of ovarian cells. Cell elasticity and viscosity were examined by atomic force microscopy. a-(i): Elastic modulus histogram of HOSEpiC cells, a-(ii): elastic modulus histogram of OVCAR-3

Multilayer capsules made of weak polyelectrolytes: a review on the preparation, functionalization and applications in drug delivery

• Varsha Sharma and
• Anandhakumar Sundaramurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 508–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.41

• composition defines the mechanical properties such as elastic modulus, toughness, strength and robustness of the hollow capsules [8]. The influence of the above-mentioned properties on capsule morphology and size have been demonstrated by inducing deformations on capsules either by osmotic [12] or physical

• between epoxides and amines resulted in ultrathin, smooth and highly cross-linked structures for poly(glycidyl methylacrylate) (PGMA)/PAH hollow capsules fabricated over SiO2 templates [56]. These capsules were stable at extreme pH conditions (1.2–12.8) and elevated temperatures showing an elastic modulus

Fully amino acid-based hydrogel as potential scaffold for cell culturing and drug delivery

• Dávid Juriga,
• Evelin Sipos,
• Orsolya Hegedűs,
• Gábor Varga,
• Miklós Zrínyi,
• Krisztina S. Nagy and
• Angéla Jedlovszky-Hajdú

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2579–2593, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.249

• active chains by mechanical measurements To measure the elastic modulus (G), gel cylinders of 1 cm in diameter and height were prepared with the same constitution as described above. G was assessed by vertical stress–strain measurements using an Instron 5942 (Intest kft., Hungary) mechanical tester, and

• mechanical properties presumably depend on it as well. The relationship between the molar ratio of the two cross-linking agents (nCYS/nLYS) and the mechanical properties such as the elastic modulus (G) and the concentration of the elastically active chains (v*q0–2/3) can be seen in Figure 5. Upon increasing

• enhanced elastic modulus of the hydrogels (see above) as well as the relatively low LYS concentration. These results are in accordance with our previous work where we demonstrated that exchanging half of the CYS cross-linkers by DAB improved the proliferation of osteosarcoma cells [25]. However, the aim of